Sublethal toxicity of carbofuran in cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis coromandus): hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations / Toxicidade subletal do carbofurano na garça-vaqueira (Bubulcus ibis coromandus): alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate Carbofuran (CF)-induced pathological changes in cattle egret. Two hundred cattle egrets were reared and equally divided into four groups and given different CF concentrations (0.03 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L and 0 mg/L (control group)). Hematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology, and immunological markers were studied. Our results confirm that CF induces anemic conditions, leukocytosis, elevated liver enzymatic activity, and alterations in renal biomarkers. Moreover, specific microscopic lesions such as multifocal necrosis, pyknotic nuclei, hemorrhages, congestion, and inflammatory cell proliferation were observed in the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus. These findings suggest that CF can induce harmful effects, so the application of this pesticide in the field must be strictly monitored to mitigate the possibility of exposure to non-target species.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as alterações patológicas induzidas por carbofurano (CF) em garças-vaqueiras. Duzentas dessas garças foram criadas e divididas igualmente em quatro grupos e receberam diferentes concentrações de CF: 0,03 mg/L; 0,02 mg/L; 0,01 mg/L; e 0 mg/L (grupo controle). Foram realizadas análises de hematologia, bioquímica sérica, histopatologia e marcadores imunológicos. Nossos resultados confirmaram que CF induz condições anêmicas, leucocitose, atividade enzimática hepática elevada e alterações nos biomarcadores renais. Além disso, lesões microscópicas específicas, como necrose multifocal, núcleos picnóticos, hemorragias, congestão e proliferação de células inflamatórias, foram observadas no fígado, rim, baço e timo. Esses achados sugerem que o CF pode causar efeitos nocivos, portanto a aplicação desse agrotóxico no campo deve ser rigorosamente monitorada para mitigar a possibilidade de exposição a espécies não alvo.

Sublethal toxicity of carbofuran in cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis coromandus): hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate Carbofuran (CF)-induced pathological changes in cattle egret. Two hundred cattle egrets were reared and equally divided into four groups and given different CF concentrations (0.03 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L and 0 mg/L (control group)). Hematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology, and immunological markers were studied. Our results confirm that CF induces anemic conditions, leukocytosis, elevated liver enzymatic activity, and alterations in renal biomarkers. Moreover, specific microscopic lesions such as multifocal necrosis, pyknotic nuclei, hemorrhages, congestion, and inflammatory cell proliferation were observed in the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus. These findings suggest that CF can induce harmful effects, so the application of this pesticide in the field must be strictly monitored to mitigate the possibility of exposure to non-target species.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as alterações patológicas induzidas por carbofurano (CF) em garças-vaqueiras. Duzentas dessas garças foram criadas e divididas igualmente em quatro grupos e receberam diferentes concentrações de CF: 0,03 mg/L; 0,02 mg/L; 0,01 mg/L; e 0 mg/L (grupo controle). Foram realizadas análises de hematologia, bioquímica sérica, histopatologia e marcadores imunológicos. Nossos resultados confirmaram que CF induz condições anêmicas, leucocitose, atividade enzimática hepática elevada e alterações nos biomarcadores renais. Além disso, lesões microscópicas específicas, como necrose multifocal, núcleos picnóticos, hemorragias, congestão e proliferação de células inflamatórias, foram observadas no fígado, rim, baço e timo. Esses achados sugerem que o CF pode causar efeitos nocivos, portanto a aplicação desse agrotóxico no campo deve ser rigorosamente monitorada para mitigar a possibilidade de exposição a espécies não alvo.

Postmortem Distribution and Postmortem Redistribution of Carbofuran-7-Phenyl Glucuronic Acid in Rabbits / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To establish a carbofuran intragastric administration death model in rabbits, and to observe the postmortem distribution and postmortem redistribution of carbofuran-7-phenyl glucuronic acid (Glu-7PH) in rabbits.@*METHODS@#The postmortem distribution: Rabbits were given an administration of 1/2LD50, LD50, 2LD50 carbofuran. Dead rabbits were dissected immediately. Rabbits that had remained alive 2 hours were sacrificed by carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation and dissected immediately. The myocardium, cardiac blood, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain and right hindlimb muscle were collected. The postmortem redistribution: After giving an administration of 4LD50 carbofuran, the myocardium, cardiac blood, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, and right hindlimb muscle were collected at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postmortem in supine position at 15 ℃ room temperature. The quantity of Glu-7PH was determined by LC-MS/MS.@*RESULTS@#The postmortem distribution: Among the three dose groups, there were significant differences in the quantities of Glu-7PH in different tissues. The postmortem redistribution: There was no significant difference in the Glu-7PH quantities in cardiac blood, mycardium, spleen, kidney, brain and right hindlimb muscle, but there was a significant difference in the Glu-7PH quantities in the liver and lung.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The mycardium, cardiac blood, liver, lung, kidney, brain and hindlimb muscle of rabbits can be used as appropriate samples for Glu-7PH detection. However, it should be noted that Glu-7PH was redistributed postmortem in rabbit liver and lung.

Investigations on remedial role of Rauwolfia serpentina root extract against carbofuran formulation induced genotoxicity in Channa punctatus

Aim: To investigate the remedial potential of Rauwolfia serpentina root extract against genotoxic alterations induced by exposure of carbofuran formulation in freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus. Methodology: Ten days acclimatized fish were categorized in three groups, Group 1 (control), Group 2 (0.09 mg l-1 carbofuran formulation) and group 3 (0.09 mg l-1 carbofuran formulation +10 ppm ethanolic extract of Rauwolfia serpentina). Genotoxic alterations were recorded in terms of single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) and micronucleus (MN) assay in blood cells. The variation in comet tail length and micronuclei frequencies were compared among Group 1, 2 and 3 after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. Results: A significant (p<0.05) increase was observed in comet tail length and micronuclei induction in carbofuran formulation exposed group. The longest comet length and peak of micronuclei frequencies were observed after 96 hr of carbofuran formulation exposure. However, an appreciable and gradual decline in both frequencies of micronuclei and comet tail length were observed in group 3 (combined Carbofuran formulation and Rauwolfia serpentina root extract) in comparison to group 2 (Carbofuran formulation). Interpretation: The study, thus, demonstrates ameliorative potential of Rauwolfia serpentina root extract against carbofuran formulation induced genotoxicity in fish.

Investigation of acute poisoning event caused by carbofuran / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and response process of an acute poisoning event caused by carbofuran in buttered tea and provide scientific evidence for the investigation of similar events in the future.@*Methods@#Field epidemiological survey, animal experiments and laboratory tests were conducted for an acute poisoning event occurred in Suopo township of Danba county of Sichuan province in 2018. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the acute poisoning event.@*Results@#A total of 26 poisoning cases occurred in 3 villages. The total attack rate was 41.27%. No death cases were reported. The 26 cases occurred in a few minutes after drinking buttered tea, the main symptoms were vomit, dizziness, miosis and nausea. A dog showed the same symptoms after drinking a sample of buttered tea. Carbofuran was detected in buttered tea, vomitus and zanba samples.@*Conclusions@#The acute poisoning was caused by carbofuran in buttered tea, the transmission mode was point source spread. Effective epidemiological investigation and simple animal experiment can provide evidence for the rapid sample detection and clinical treatment of cases in emergency response. Timely case treatment and strict poisoning source control are the key measures to reduce casualty and prevent the spread of poisoning.

Postmortem distribution of carbofuran and its main metabolite benzofuranol in rats / 中国药科大学学报

@#An HPLC-MS/MS method using carbaryl as the internal standard substance was established for qualitative detection and quantitative determination of carbofuran and its main metabolite benzofuranol in bio-samples to study their postmortem distribution in rats. The rats were poisoned dead by intragastric administration of carbofuran suspension at the concentration of 1. 8 mg/mL, which was 4 times of the LD50(44 mg/kg). Then the rats were dissected at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after death to collect the their specimen(heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, muscle, stomach, blood)and the carbofuran concentration were determined using HPLC-MS/MS method. The results showed that at 0 h after death, the carbofuran was distributed in rats was as follows: stomach> lung or liver> kidney or spleen> muscle> heart or heart blood or brain and transferred from stomach, lung and heart blood to liver, kidney and muscle over time, while the benzofuranol was distributed as follows: stomach> heart blood> liver or kidney> spleen or muscle or lung or brain > heart, and the concentration of benzofuranol in heart blood, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney had significant increase(P< 0. 05)over time. The postmortem concentration change of carbofuran and benzofuranol could be attributed to the degradation of carbofuran and the trans-tissues diffusion of carbofuran and benzofuranol. The postmortem distribution manner of carbofuran and benzofuranol and their HPLC-MS/MS analysis method could be applied to the forensic identification and help taking samples for toxicology analysis.

Interação entre nematicidas e herbicidas pré-emergentes no desenvolvimento inicial da cultura da cana-de-açúcar / Interaction between nematicides and pre-emergent herbicide in the initial development of sugar cane / Interacción entre nematicidas y herbicidas pre emergentes en el desarrollo inicial de la cultura de caña de azúcar

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interação do herbicida tebuthiuron (Combine® 500 SC), com nematicidas carbofuram (Furadan® 350 SC) e benfuracarbe (Pottente®), aplicados no plantio da cultura da cana-de-açúcar (RB 867515). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Universidade Paranaense, em Umuarama ­ PR, no período de abril a agosto de 2014. Foi instalado em vasos com capacidade para 4,5 L, contendo uma planta por vaso, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos testemunha (T1), sem aplicação de produtos; aplicação isolada de carbofuran (T2); aplicação isolada de benfuracarbe (T3); aplicação isolada de tebuthiuron (T4); aplicação combinada de carbofuran e tebuthiuron (T5) e aplicação combinada de benfuracarbe e tebuthiuron (T6). O experimento foi submetido a duas avaliações, 45 e 90 dias após o plantio (DAP) sendo que na primeira, as variáveis avaliadas foram altura da parte aérea, número de folhas e número de plantas daninhas por vaso, e, na segunda, altura da parte aérea; número de folhas; número de plantas daninhas; massa fresca e seca da parte aérea; massa fresca do sistema radicular; população final total de nematoides por vaso, calculada pelo somatório de nematoides nas raízes e solo. Quanto ao número de folhas, o tratamento T4 demonstrou fitotoxicidade aos 45 DAP. Os tratamentos T3, T5 e T6 apresentaram as maiores massa fresca e seca da parte área da cana, demonstraram ausência de interação antagônica entre as combinações do herbicida com os nematicidas aos 90 DAP. Os tratamentos T3 e T5 foram eficientes no controle populacional de P. zeae.(AU)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the interaction of the herbicide tebuthiuron (Combine® SC 500), with the following nematicides: carbofuran (350 Furadan® SC) and benfuracarb (Pottente®) applied during the planting of cane sugar (RB 867515). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Universidade Paranaense in Umuarama - PR, from April to August 2014. The crop was started in 4.5-L vases containing one plant per vase, in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications, namely control treatments (T1), with no application of products; isolated application of carbofuran (T2); isolated application of benfuracarb (T3); isolated application of tebuthiuron (T4); combined application of carbofuran and tebuthiuron (T5) and combined application of benfuracarb and tebuthiuron (T6). The experiment was submitted to two assessments, at 45 and 90 days after planting (DAP). On the first assessment, the variables analyzed were shoot height, number of leaves and number of weeds per vase. The second assessment analyzed shoot height; number of leaves; number of weeds; fresh and dry weight of shoot; fresh weight of the root system; total final population of nematodes per vase, calculated by the sum of nematodes in the roots and soil. Regarding the number of leaves, the T4 treatment showed phytotoxicity at 45 DAP. The T3, T5 and T6 treatments had the highest fresh and dry weight of the aerial part of the sugar cane; with absence of antagonistic interaction between the combinations of herbicide and nematicides at 90 DAP. The T3 and T5 treatments were effective in controlling the population of P. zeae.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio ha sido evaluar la interacción del herbicida tebuthiuron (Combine® 500 SC), con nematicidas carbofuram (Furadan® 350 SC) y benfuracarbe (Pottente®), aplicados en plantío de caña de azúcar (RB 867515). El experimento ha sido dirigido en el área de vegetación de la Universidad Paranaense, en Umuarama - PR, en el período de abril a agosto de 2014. Se ha instalado en floreros con capacidad para 4,5 L, conteniendo una planta por florero, en delineamiento enteramente casualizado, con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, siendo los tratamientos testigo (T1), sin aplicación de productos; aplicación aislada de carbofuran (T2); aplicación aislada de benfuracarbe (T3); aplicación aislada de tebuthiuron (T4); aplicación combinada de carbofuran y tebuthiuron (T5) y aplicación combinada de benfuracarbe y tebuthiuron (T6). El experimento ha sido sometido a dos evaluaciones, 45 y 90 días después del plantío (DAP) siendo que en la primera, las variables evaluadas fue la altura de la parte aérea, número de hojas y el número de plantas dañinas por florero, y, en la segunda, altura de la parte aérea, número de hojas, número de plantas dañinas; masa fresca y seca de la parte aérea; masa fresca del sistema radicular; población final total de nematodos por florero, calculado por la suma de nematodos en las raíces y suelo. Cuanto al número de hojas, el tratamiento T4 demostró citotoxicidad a los 45 DAP. Los tratamientos T3, T5 y T6 presentaron mayor masa fresca y seca en la parte aérea de la caña, demostraron ausencia de interacción antagónica entre las combinaciones de los herbicidas con los nematicidas a los 90 DAP. Los tratamientos T3 y T5 fueron eficientes en el control poblacional de P. zeae.(AU)

Study on the stability of carbofuran and its metabolites in blood preserved at different conditions / 中国法医学杂志

Objective Study on the stability of carbofuran and its metabolite carbofuran phenol in blood preserved at different conditions,in order to provide a scientific evidence for forensic identification of carbofuran poisoning death. Methods The dogs were given intragastric administration with 4LD50(13.5mg/kg) of carbofuran, the blood were collected and divided into five equally groups preserved at 20℃(NC2.5mg/mL), 20℃(1%NaF), 20℃, 4℃ and -20℃, respectively. The concentrations of carbofuran and carbofuran phenol in above samples were detected by GC-MS/MS with MRM at 0d、5d、7d、15d、40d、83d and 150d. Results The concentration of carbofuran in preserved blood were found to be significant decrease at 7d(P < 0.05), then a steady decline. In each condition, the concentration of carbofuran phenol in preserved blood showed an increasing trend firstly, then a declined tendency. The concentration of carbofuran and carbofuran phenol descending fast in blood at 20 ℃ (NC) and 20 ℃ (1%NaF).Conclusion Carbofuran and carbofuran phenol in preserved specimens are found to be decomposed. The decomposition is quick at 20℃ and slow at -20℃. Citrate sodium and sodium fluoride are not suit for anticoagulation and antiputrefactiva. Biological specimens used for forensic identification of the carbofuran poisoning should be stored at refriferated or freezed, and be analyzed as soon as possible.

Avaliação da nanofiltração e da osmose inversa na remoção de carbofurano em águas de abastecimento / Evaluation of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes on removal of carbofuran in drinking waters

RESUMO: A complexidade físico-química de micropoluentes, como os defensivos agrícolas, exige o uso de tecnologias avançadas de tratamento de água para abastecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a remoção de carbofurano em nível de bancada (batelada) utilizando membranas comerciais de nanofiltração (NF90 - DowFilmtec (r)) e osmose inversa (HR - Koch Membrane Systems(r) ). Nos experimentos foi avaliada a influência da qualidade da matriz de alimentação (água ultrapura, bruta e pré-tratada) contendo carbofurano (50 µgL-1), e da pressão de operação (8 e 15 bar para a NF90 e 15 e 30 bar para a HR). Para a NF90, com a matriz de água ultrapura, as eficiências de remoção foram inferiores (89,8%), porém o fluxo permeado foi superior (132,1 Lm-2h-1) àquelas obtidas com a matriz de água bruta (98,4% - 94,7 Lm-2h-1) e água pré-tratada (95,2% - 95,3 Lm-2h-1) para a pressão de 15 bar. Para a membrana HR, remoções relativamente superiores foram observadas para a pressão de 30 bar para as três matrizes, com a água bruta apresentando os melhores resultados (99,7% - 49,7 Lm-2h-1). Concluiu-se, portanto, que o pré-tratamento da água bruta não acarretou diferença significativa na remoção do carbofurano e não influenciou no fluxo de permeado de acordo com a metodologia adotada (baixo tempo de separação em batelada com recirculação).

ABSTRACT: The physicochemical complexity of micropollutants such as pesticides requires the use of advanced technologies of drinking water treatment. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the removal of carbofuran using commercial nanofiltration (NF90 - DowFilmtec(r)) and reverse osmosis (HR - Koch Membrane Systems(r)) membranes in a bench-scale system (batch operation). The effect of feed matrix quality (ultrapure water, raw water and pretreated water) with carbofuran (50 µgL-1) and the applied pressure (8 and 15 bar for NF90 and 15 and 30 bar for HR) were studied. For NF90, with ultrapure water matrix, the removal efficiencies were lower (89.4%), but the permeate flow was higher (132.1 Lm-2h-1) than those obtained with the raw water (98.4% - 94.7 Lm-2h-1) and pretreated water (95.2% - 95.3 Lm-2h-1) to 15 bar of pressure. For HR membrane relatively higher removals were observed for 30 bar of pressure for the three matrices, with a better behavior for raw water (99.7% - 49.7 Lm-2h-1). In accordance to the methodology adopted (low separation time in batch with recirculation), it can be concluded, therefore, that the pretreatment of raw water did not caused significant difference in carbofuran removal and did not influenced the permeate flux.

Protective effect of secondary plant metabolites from Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. against carbofuran induced damages.

Plausible interactions between food contaminants and natural constituents in vivo and protective effect of polyphenols present in I. aquatica against carbofuran toxicity in Charles Foster rats were evaluated. Determinations based on antioxidant enzyme activities showed significant alterations in glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in tissues (liver and brain) and plasma of pesticide treated group while polyphenolic extracts from I. aquatica (IAE) attenuated their activities when given alongwith carbofuran. IAE decreased enhanced lipid peroxidation levels in plasma and erythrocyte membrane and cholesterol levels in brain and plasma. IAE also minimized histopathological degenerative changes produced by carbofuran. While single cell gel electrophoresis showed that secondary metabolites in leafy vegetables produced a combinatorial effect with pesticide at cellular level, DNA fragmentation level in bone marrow cells showed a decline in the IAE treated rats. Food safety adversely affected by various chemical contaminants can be retained by plant polyphenols and secondary plant constituents that can be found together in bolus. Therefore, the present study gives an insight into the protective role of naturally found polyphenols against pesticide toxicity.

Evaluation of carbamate insecticides as chemotherapeutic agents for cancer.

Background: Cancer chemotherapy has already been in practice by the use of toxins and some of the specific poisonous compounds of cyanide derivatives. Carbamate insecticides inhibit cellular metabolism including energy, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism, thereby, causing cell regression and death. Aim: Preliminary evaluation of three carbamate insecticides, namely, baygon, carbaryl, and carbofuran as chemotherapeutic agents for cancer is undertaken in the present study. Materials and Methods: The toxicity of carbamates on squamous cell carcinoma was assessed in-vitro using dye binding tests. Cells were grown in microtitration ELISA plates, as adherent cultures, for six hours, and then exposed to the drugs for 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours, and finally stained with neutral red, to assess the viable cell number, and with methylene blue for the determination of protein in the monolayer. Optical density was read in an ELISA reader. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained during the experiment was subjected to statistical analysis by using the student 't' test. Results: The results indicated that the percentage of the viable cell number reduced with an increase in the time of exposure of the drugs. Exposure of the tumor cells to the drugs for 12 hours detached them completely from the wells, and hence, all the cells were washed out. Exposure of the drugs prior to the establishment of the culture in-vitro resulted in the non-formation of the monolayer in the wells. Conclusions: Among the three drugs studied, the survival percent was least with carbaryl treatment followed by baygon, and with carbofuran treatment it was almost near to control group.

Validación de uaa metodología para la determinaión de carbofuran en suelos meddiante cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia con detección ultravioleta (clar-uv) / Validation ofan analytical method for carbofuran determinatin on soils by hhigh performance liquid chromatography with uv detection (hplc-uv) / Validação de um metodologia paa determinação do carbofurano em solos por crommatografia líquida da alta eficiência com detecção ultravioleta (clar-vv)

Se validó una metodología analítica que permite cuantificar residuos de carbofuran en muestras de suelo. La extracción del plaguicida desde la matriz se realizó mediante agitación mecánica empleando acetato de etilo como solvente, los extractos obtenidos se sometieron a extracción en fase sólida (EFS) utilizando cartuchos C18, finalmente, la determinación y cuantificación del carbofuran se llevó a cabo mediante cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia con detección ultravioleta (CLAR-UV) a una longitud de onda de 205 nm. La metodología validada es específica y selectiva para el carbofuran, lineal en el rango desde 0,47 hasta 2,36 mgKg-1, precisa con un coeficiente de variación típico (CVtip) de 10,78%; exacta brindando un porcentaje de recuperación para la metodología global (porcentaje de R) equivalente a 98,25±3,97% y sensible con límites de detección y cuantifica-ción de 0,045 y 0,149 mgKg-1, respectivamente. También se verificó la robustez del método. Se analizaron dos muestras de suelo dedicados al cultivo de café, y se encontraron residuos de carbofuran durante los primeros 30 días después de su aplicación.

An analytic method was validated to quantify Carbofuran residues in soil samples. The pesticides were extracted from the matrix by mechanic stirring, using ethyl acetate as a solvent. These extracts were cleaned by using cartridges C18. The determination and quantification of Carbofuran was made by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The wavelength was 205 nm. The validated method is specific and selective for Carbofuran, is linear in the range from 0.47 to 2.36 mg kg-1, is accurate with a typical variation coefficient of 10.78%, is exact with recovering percentage (% R) equivalent to 98.25±3.97% and sensitive with detection and quantification limits since 0.045 and 0.149 mg kg-1 respectively. The robustness of the method was recognized. Two samples from soil of coffee cultivation were analyzed. Residues ofCarbofuranwerefoundduringthe first thirty days after application. Two samples of soil coffee were analyzed finding residues of carbofuran during the first thirty days after application.

Neste artigo validou-se uma metodologia analítica que quantifica resíduos de carbo-furano em amostras de solo. Por agitação mecânica se extraíram pesticidas da matriz, utilizando acetato de etilo como solvente. Os extratos obtidos foram submetidos à extração em fase sólida (EFS) com cartuchos de C18. Em seguida, a identificação e quantificação de Carbofuran foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção ultravioleta (CLAE-UV). A longitude de onda foi 205 nm. A metodologia validada é específica e seletiva para car-bofuran; linear no intervalo de 0,47-2,36 mgkg-1, cocomumcoeficientedevariação (C. Vtip) típico de 10,78%, fornecendo uma taxa de recuperação precisa da meto-dologiaglobal(R%)equivalentea98,25± 3,97%. Os limites de sensibilidade de detecção e quantificação são 0,045 e 0,149 mg kg-1, respectivamente. Verificou-se também a robustez do método. Analisadas duas amostras de terra dedicada ao cultivo do café, se encontraram resíduos de carbofuran nos trinta primeiros dias após aplicá-lo.

EVALUACIÓN DE LA ADSORCIÓN-DESORCIÓN DE 14C-carbofuran Y FURADAN 3SC® EN TRES SUELOS DE CUNDINAMARCA (COLOMBIA) / EVALUATION OF 14C-carbofuran AND FURADAN 3SC® ADSORPTION-DESORPTION IN THREE CUNDINAMARCA SOILS (COLOMBIA) / EVALUAÇÃO DA ADSORÇÃO-DESORÇÃO DE 14C-carbofuran E FURADAN 3SC® EM TRÊS SOLOS DE CUNDINAMARCA (COLÔMBIA)

El plaguicida carbofuran es uno de los N-metilcarbamatos más efectivos y de mayor uso en los cultivos de fresa en Colombia, y debido a su toxicidad es importante evaluar su movilidad en los sistemas específicos de producción agrícola. En este estudio se realizaron ensayos de adsorción y desorción de carbofuran analítico y carbofuran formulado (Furadan) mediante isotermas ajustadas al modelo de Freundlich, sobre el horizonte superficial de tres suelos productores localizados en el departamento de Cundinamarca, área de mayor producción de fresa en Colombia. Se utilizaron concentraciones del plaguicida dentro del intervalo de aplicación comercial al cultivo (comprendidas entre 0,12 y 2,57 µg/mL). En todos los casos se presentó buen ajuste al modelo. La adsorción del plaguicida en los tres suelos fue baja con valores de coeficientes de adsorción (logKd) entre 0,04 a 0,40. Los coeficientes de adsorción normalizados con el contenido de carbono orgánico del suelo (logKOC) se encontraron en un rango desde 1,73 hasta 2,05. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en la adsorción del plaguicida formulado (Furadan) y analítico, encontrándose tendencias opuestas dependiendo del lugar de ensayo; estas diferencias se asociaron con el distinto grado de humificación de la materia orgánica de los suelos, y la presencia de adyuvantes en el producto formulado. En ninguno de los suelos estudiados se presentó el fenómeno de histéresis.

Carbofuran is a N-Methylcarbamate frequently used in strawberry cultivation in Colombia. Due to its toxicity it is important to evaluate its migration in the strawberry production system. In this work the adsorption-desorption of 14C carbofuran (analytical standard) and commercial pesticide (Furadan) was studied by Freundlich isoterms in superficial soils of three locations in Cundinamarca state, a major strawberry production area in Colombia. The pesticide concentrations were between the ranges normally used in the farming (ranged between 0.12 and 2.57 µg/mL). A good model adjust was present in all the studies. The adsorption of 14C carbofuran on the 3 studied soils was low; with adsorption coefficients values (logKd) ranging between 0.04 to 0-40. The adsorption coefficients normalised with the organic carbon content of soil (logKOC) ranged from 1.73 to 2.05. Significant differences were found between a commercial pesticide (Furadan) and an analytical carbofuran and were associated with the organic matter humification grade in the different soils and the presence of adyuvants in the formulate one. Hysteresis effect was not presented in the soils studied.

O praguicida carbofuran é um dos N-metilcarbamatos mais efetivos e de maior uso nos cultivos de morango na Colômbia e devido à sua toxicidade é importante avaliar a sua mobilidade nos sistemas específicos de produção agrícola. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a adsorção- desorção tanto do 14C carbofuran analítico como uma das formulações comerciais (Furadan) mediante isotermas ajustadas ao modelo de Freundlich, sobre o horizonte superficial de três solos produtores localizados no estado da Cundinamarca, área de maior produção de morango em Colômbia. Utilizaram-se concentrações do praguicida dentro do intervalo de aplicação comercial ao cultivo (0.12 até 2.57 µg/mL). Em todos os casos se apresentou bom ajuste ao modelo. A adsorção do praguicida nos três solos foi baixa com valores de coeficientes de adsorção (logKd) entre 0.04 a 0.4. Os coeficientes de adsorção normalizados com o conteúdo de carbono orgânico do solo (log KOC) encontraram-se numa casta desde 1.73 até 2.05. As diferenças na adsorção do praguicida comercial e do praguicida analítico foram significativas, se bem que as tendências foram diferentes em função do tipo de solo. Estas diferenças foram associadas com o distinto grado de humidificação da matéria orgânica dos solos e à presença de adjuvantes no producto formulado. Em nenhum dos solos estudados se apresentou o fenômeno de histéresis.

Screening of Mutants of Carbofuran Degrading Bacterium CFDS-1 by Transposon Tagging / 微生物学通报

In order to mutate a carbofuran degrading strain CFDS-1,transposon of pSC123 was introduced into the genomic DNA of strain CFDS-1 by conjugation with E.coli DH5? (pSC123) as donor and strain CFDS-1 as recipient,6 mutants which lost carbofuran degrading ability were obtained with a kanamycin resistant gene in the middle of transposon and the disappearance of a red compound during the degrading of carbofuran as preliminary selecting marks,they were designated as CFDS-M1～CFDS-M6. UV scanning and GS assay results also proved their mutations. PCR was carried out respectively with primers designed according to the sequence of transposon and genomic DNA of 6 mutants as templates,restriction analysis of PCR products showed that the mutation of carbofuran degrading genes of these mutants was caused by transposon insertion.